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Key Term |
Definition |
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Cold War |
The period of tension and rivalry between the USA and USSR after 1945. |
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Berlin Wall |
Barrier built in 1961 dividing East and West Berlin. |
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East Berlin |
Communist-controlled sector of Berlin controlled by the USSR and East Germany. |
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West Berlin |
Western-controlled part of Berlin supported by the USA, Britain and France. |
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East Germany |
Communist state officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR). |
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West Germany |
Capitalist democratic state officially known as the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). |
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Refugees |
People who flee their country or region for safety or freedom. |
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Brain Drain |
Loss of skilled and educated workers from a country. |
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Nikita Khrushchev |
Soviet leader during the Berlin Wall crisis. |
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John F. Kennedy |
American president during the construction of the Berlin Wall. |
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Communism |
Political and economic system where the state controls industry and wealth. |
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Capitalism |
Economic system based on private ownership and profit. |
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Iron Curtain |
The division between communist Eastern Europe and capitalist Western Europe. |
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Ultimatum |
A final demand backed by the threat of consequences. |
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Propaganda |
Information used to influence public opinion, often biased or misleading. |
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Checkpoint Charlie |
Famous crossing point between East and West Berlin during the Cold War. |
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Emigration |
Leaving one country to live in another. |
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Nuclear War |
War involving nuclear weapons. |
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Superpower |
A country with enormous military and political influence. |
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“Ich bin ein Berliner” |
Kennedy’s famous 1963 speech showing support for West Berlin. |
7.1.1 The end of the Second World War
The end of the Second World War: Yalta and Potsdam Conferences; the division of Germany; contrasting attitudes and ideologies of the USA and the USSR, including the aims of Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt, Attlee and Truman; effect of the dropping of the atom bomb on post-war superpower relations.
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7.1.2 The Iron Curtain and the Evolution of East-West rivalry
The Iron Curtain and the evolution of East-West rivalry: Soviet expansion in East Europe; US policies; the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, their purpose and Stalin’s reaction; Cominform; Comecon; Yugoslavia; the Berlin Blockade and Airlift.
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7.2.1 The significance of events in Asia for superpower relations
The significance of events in Asia for superpower relations: USSR's support for Mao Tse-tung and Communist revolution in China, and the military campaigns waged by North Korea against the UN and by the Vietcong against France and the USA.
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7.2.2 Military rivalries
Military rivalries: the arms race; membership and purposes of NATO and the Warsaw Pact; the space race, including Sputnik, ICBMs, Polaris, Gagarin, Apollo.
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7.2.3 The ‘Thaw’
The ‘Thaw’: Hungary, the protest movement and the reforms of Nagy; Soviet fears, how they reacted and the effects on the Cold War; the U2 Crisis and its effects on the Paris Peace Summit and the peace process.
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7.3.1 Berlin Wall
Berlin Wall: reasons for its construction and Kennedy’s response.
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7.3.2 Tensions over Cuba
Tensions over Cuba: Castro’s revolution, the Bay of Pigs and the missile crisis: the roles of Castro, Khrushchev, Kennedy; fears of the USA and reaction to missiles on Cuba; dangers and results of crisis.
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7.3.3 Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia: Dubeck and the Prague Spring movement; USSR’s response to the reforms; the effects the Prague Spring had on East-West relations, including the Warsaw Pact; the Brezhnev Doctrine.
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7.3.4 Easing of Tension
Easing of tension: sources of tension, including the Soviets' record on human rights; the reasons for Détente and for SALT 1; the part played by key individuals Brezhnev and Nixon.
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