|
Term |
Meaning |
|
Reichstag Fire |
Fire in the German parliament (1933) used by Hitler to blame communists and justify emergency powers |
|
Decree |
An official order issued by the government without needing parliamentary approval |
|
Enabling Act |
Law passed in 1933 that allowed Hitler to make laws without the Reichstag, effectively ending democracy |
|
One-party state |
A political system where only one political party is allowed (the Nazi Party) |
|
Opposition |
Groups or individuals who disagree with or resist the government |
|
Trade unions |
Organisations that represent workers’ interests, including wages and working conditions |
|
German Labour Front (DAF) |
Nazi organisation that replaced trade unions and controlled workers |
|
SA (Sturmabteilung) |
Nazi paramilitary group known as the Brownshirts, used for intimidation and violence |
|
Night of the Long Knives |
1934 purge in which Hitler killed SA leaders and political rivals to secure army support |
|
Purge |
The removal or killing of people considered enemies within a group or organisation |
|
Reichswehr |
German army (before 1935), which became loyal to Hitler after the purge |
|
Führer |
“Leader” in German; title taken by Hitler when he combined the roles of Chancellor and President |
|
Oath of loyalty |
Promise made by soldiers to obey Hitler personally rather than the German state |
|
Totalitarian state |
A system where the government controls all aspects of life, including politics, media, and society |
2.1.1 — Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Difficulties of Ruling Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm and the difficulties of ruling Germany: the growth of parliamentary government; the influence of Prussian militarism; industrialisation; social reform and the growth of socialism; the domestic importance of the Navy Laws.
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2.1.2 — The Impact of the First World War on Germany
Impact of the First World War: war weariness, economic problems; defeat; the end of the monarchy; post-war problems including reparations, the occupation of the Ruhr and hyperinflation.
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2.1.3 — Weimar Democracy (1919–1929)
Weimar democracy: political change and unrest, 1919–1923, including Spartacists, Kapp Putsch and the Munich Putsch; the extent of recovery during the Stresemann era (1924–1929): economic developments including the new currency, Dawes Plan and the Young Plan; the impact of international agreements on recovery; Weimar culture
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2.2.1 — The Impact of the Great Depression (1928–1932)
The impact of the Depression: growth in support for the Nazis and other extremist parties (1928–1932), including the role of the SA; Hitler’s appeal.
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2.2.2 — The Failure of Weimar Democracy (1930–1933)
The failure of Weimar democracy: election results; the role of Papen and Hindenburg and Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor.
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2.2.3 — The Establishment of Hitler’s Dictatorship (1933–1934)
The establishment of Hitler’s dictatorship: the Reichstag Fire; the Enabling Act; elimination of political opposition; trade unions; Rohm and the Night of the Long Knives; Hitler becomes Führer.
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2.3.1 — The experiences of Germans under the Nazis: Economy
Economic changes: benefits and drawbacks; employment; public works programmes; rearmament; self-sufficiency; the impact of war on the economy and the German people, including bombing, rationing, labour shortages, refugees.
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2.3.2 — The experiences of Germans under the Nazis: Social
Social policy and practice: reasons for policies, practices and their impact on women, young people and youth groups; education; control of churches and religion; Aryan ideas, racial policy and persecution; the Final Solution.
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2.3.3 — The experiences of Germans under the Nazis: Control
Control: Goebbels, the use of propaganda and censorship; Nazi culture; repression and the police state and the roles of Himmler, the SS and Gestapo; opposition and resistance, including White Rose group, Swing Youth, Edelweiss Pirates and July 1944 bomb plot.
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